insecticides and pesticides for rice and corn

Sorption studies were carried out and revealed that the modified membrane could absorb 177% more water than its untreated commercial counterpart, making it suitable for long-term sampling. The morphology type of the crystallite of cellulose most abundant after chemical regeneration was the CII (Celulose II) allomorphic. The new material, polypropylene hollow fiber grafted with nanocellulose, was developed and characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive System (EDS) and Thermogravimetric (TGA) and Differential Thermal (DTA) analysis. This modification improves the extractive properties of microporous membranes, including the sensitivity to fluctuations in the uptake steps. Reinforcing hollow polypropylene fibers with nanocellulose is a viable alternative for implementing miniaturized passive sampling devices (MPSDs) based on liquid-phase microextraction (LPME).

Management practices that address adverse effects of pesticide use in rice fields include increased adoption of Integrated Pest Management principles and less toxic products. Innovations within the past few decades in rice production have increased pesticide use resulting in biodiversity losses in production areas and pollution of water resources. Because of the large area under rice cultivation worldwide, the volume of pesticides applied to rice fields is significant. Some of the chemicals are highly toxic to birds and associated with mortality several have the potential of causing adverse reproductive effects. In addition, herbicides, fungicides, molluscicides and other pesticide types are used in rice cultivation. Cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides currently used in rice include carbofuran, monocrotophos, phorate, diazinon, fenthion, phosphamidon, methyl parathion and azinphos-methyl-many products known to cause acute poisoning in birds. Endosulfan and purified HCH (the gamma isomer lindane) are still in use. Historically, organochlorine pesticides known to be applied for pest management in rice cultivation included dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, heptachlor, technical hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), toxaphene, endosulfan and sodium pentachlorophenate. The current review summarizes understanding of the use and consequences to birds of pesticide applications in rice habitats. Although use of rice habitats by waterbirds has been documented throughout the world, little information is available on potential risks as a result of chemicals used in rice cultivation. Use of rice (Oryza sativa) habitats by some waterbird species is considered essential to sustaining populations. Thresholds, monitoring and forecasting systems have little or no impact on farmer practice in the tropics farmer group learning appears to be the most effective way towards IPM adoption.Waterbird use of agricultural wetlands has increased as natural wetlands have declined.

Host plant resistance, deployed with location-specific cultural practices that conserve natural enemies, remains the basis for sustainable, low-cost rice IPM. The inter-country programme on rice IPM of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the United Nations, the International Rice Research Institute and national programmes have all contributed to promoting rice IPM. In at least two countries, adoption of IPM as national policy has resulted in large savings from reduced importation of pesticides with no reduction in total rice output or productivity. Legislation has been enacted in at least five countries to support IPM and by 1992, approximately 0.05% of Asian farmers had received training in IPM. Large scale implementation of IPM was stimulated in the 1970s in several Asian countries by pest resurgences resulting from indiscriminate insecticide use.

Integrated pest management (IPM) in rice has been mainly applied to irrigated, lowland paddy rice ecosystems which generally use more inputs and have higher yields ha −1 than rainfed ecosystems.

Insecticides and pesticides for rice and corn